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(Categories and Subject Descriptors)Tj
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( )Tj
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(H.5.2 [)Tj
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0.0012 Tc 0.0021 Tw [(I)4(n)4(format)8(ion)4( I)4(n)4(terf.)5( an)4(d)4( Pres)4(en)4(tation)]TJ
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[(])8(:)-1( Us)4(er )-7(Interf)8(aces)11(.)]TJ
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[(mentation)7(,)-3( Human )7(Factors. )]TJ
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[(Keyw)8(ords)]TJ
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( )Tj
0.0009 Tc 0.0024 Tw -5.78 -1.2 Td
[(Augm)5(ented re)5(ali)5(t)5(y)-6(, Persona)5(l n)8(a)-2(vi)5(gation)8(,)-2( Driving)8( s)10(i)-1(m)5(u)1(lator.)4( )]TJ
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(1.)Tj
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( )Tj
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-0.0001 Tc 1.35 0 Td
(INTRODUCTION )Tj
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[(unanswered. O)9(n)1(e notable ex)7(ampl)]TJ
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[(presenting n)7(a)-2(vigation instru)7(cti)]TJ
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[(requires d)7(i)-2(vertin)7(g visual )7(attentio)]TJ
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[(negatively)-7( )7(affect driving)7( [2])6(,)]TJ
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[(as Google Maps)9( Navigation. We h)7(y)-13(po)7(thesize th)7(at AR PNDs will)-9( )]TJ
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[(im)5(pact dr)7(iving)7( l)5(e)-2(ss than bo)7(th SV)9( and SPND. )]TJ
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(2.)Tj
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( )Tj
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[(REL)-4(A)1(TE)-4(D RESE)-4(ARCH )]TJ
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0.0004 Tc 0.0096 Tw [( However, subjects pref)7(erred)7( )]TJ
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[(the SPND. This)10( m)6(a)5(y)-12( b)8(e)-2( du)8(e to)8( the )7(fac)5(t)-1( th)8(at S)11(P)4(ND displa)5(y)-12(e)-2(d)8( )7(a )]TJ
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[(visible nav)8(i)-1(gatio)8(n route at all tim)]TJ
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[(m)5(o)1(re holistic a)5(w)3(areness of thei)5(r global posit)5(ion)8( as well as visual)5( )]TJ
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[(Since AR PNDs visually)-7( )7(displa)5(y navigation directions on HUDs,)-3( )]TJ
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[(high visual attention to )7(the ro)7(ad)-7( )]TJ
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0 Tw T*
[(satisfac)5(tion.)4( )]TJ
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(3.)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
( )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
-0.0012 Tc 1.35 0 Td
[(EXPE)-4(RIMENT)-4( )]TJ
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0.0013 Tc 0.322 Tw 9 0 0 9 317.88 598.44 Tm
[(The exp)8(e)-1(rim)6(e)-1(nt)6( we conducted)8( utili)6(zed a h)8(i)-1(g)8(h)1(-fidel)6(i)-1(t)6(y)-5( drivin)8(g )]TJ
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(subjects factorial desi)Tj
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[(gn experiment with ty)-13(p)7(e)4( of PND as ou)-7(r)-7( )]TJ
0.0007 Tc 0.0826 Tw -9.167 -1.147 Td
[(independ)7(ent variable. We used )]TJ
-0.0005 Tc 0.0838 Tw 12.92 0 Td
[(three PNDs: AR,)-10( SPN)-5(D,)-4( and SV.)-4( )]TJ
0.0011 Tc 0.3156 Tw -12.92 -1.153 Td
[(AR PND seamlessl)6(y int)6(e)-2(gra)5(t)-1(es)10( navig)8(a)-2(tion )7(rou)8(t)-1(e in)8(to th)8(e r)7(eal )]TJ
0.0008 Tc 0.2359 Tw 0 -1.147 TD
[(world scene b)8(y)1( projecting it o)8(n)]TJ
0.0006 Tc 0.2361 Tw 13.6 0 Td
( the windshield using a HUD. )Tj
-0.0009 Tc 0.0509 Tw -13.6 -1.153 Td
(SPND uses a map with the navi)Tj
-0.0012 Tc 0.0512 Tw 12.947 0 Td
[(gation route display)-8(e)-4(d on )7(a HDD.)-4( )]TJ
-0.0009 Tc 0.0909 Tw -12.947 -1.147 Td
[(SV PND also us)-5(es a HDD,)-4( which di)]TJ
-0.0004 Tc 0.0904 Tw [(splay)-7(s)2( )7(a sequence of images )]TJ
0.0012 Tc 0.1488 Tw 0 -1.153 TD
[(of the world tak)8(e)-2(n at a pr)8(ior ti)6(m)6(e)-2( from)6( the driver\222s)4( pers)4(pect)6(iv)8(e )]TJ
0.001 Tc 0.0557 Tw 0 -1.147 TD
[(with the em)6(bedd)8(ed naviga)5(tion ro)8(ute. All )7(thre)5(e PNDs also utilize)5(d)1( )]TJ
0.0007 Tc 0.0026 Tw 0 -1.153 TD
[(identical turn-b)7(y-turn voice dir)7(e)]TJ
0.0002 Tc 0.0031 Tw 12.813 0 Td
[(ctions. Each subject drove )7(through )]TJ
0.0005 Tc 0.1095 Tw -12.813 -1.147 Td
[(a simulated )7(city environment us)10(ing each PND. In order to avo)7(i)-2(d )]TJ
0.6628 Tw T*
[(learn)7(i)-2(ng eff)7(ects and order )7(bias, we )7(coun)7(terbalanced th)7(e )]TJ
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[(presentation ord)7(e)-3(r of the PNDs)]TJ
0.0004 Tc 0.1829 Tw 13.18 0 Td
[( between subjects. Although we)-9( )]TJ
0.001 Tc 0.249 Tw -13.18 -1.153 Td
[(measured other)7( dependen)8(t)-1( var)7(i)6(able)]TJ
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[(s as we)4(ll,)4( i)5(n this report)5( we )]TJ
-0.0002 Tc 0.1302 Tw -14.72 -1.147 Td
[(focus only)-13( on v)7(i)-2(sual attention a)]TJ
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(attention was assessed through th)Tj
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[(e aver)8(age per)]TJ
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(cent dwell time )Tj
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(4.)Tj
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( )Tj
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[(RESULTS)-5( )]TJ
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[(Using a repeated measures AN)-5(OVA,)-3( we discovered a significant )]TJ
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(main effect of the PND on PDT \(F)Tj
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(2,12)Tj
0.0009 Tc 0.1424 Tw 9 0 0 9 462.18 371.64 Tm
[(=81.351, p < 0.0001\). A)10(s)3( )]TJ
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[(expected)7(, PDT f)7(o)1(r AR was the )7(highest 96.1%)7(, )7(while for SPND )]TJ
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[(and SV it w)9(a)-2(s 89.1% )7(and 8)7(7.2%, r)7(e)-2(spectiv)7(ely)-6(.)4( A post-ho)7(c )]TJ
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[(com)6(p)1(aris)4(on rev)8(e)5(aled)8( s)4(i)-1(gnifi)6(cant)6( )7(differen)8(ces)4( for)8( )7(AR vs)4(. S)4(P)4(ND and )]TJ
0.0004 Tc 0.1296 Tw T*
[(AR vs. SV \(p<0.001 in bo)7(th cases\). After)7( con)7(c)-2(luding )7(the stu)7(d)7(y)-6(, )]TJ
0.0015 Tc 0.0552 Tw 0 -1.153 TD
[(parti)6(c)-1(ipan)8(ts)4( rank)8(ed the)5(i)-1(r )7(agreem)6(e)5(n)]TJ
-0.0003 Tc 0.057 Tw 14.02 0 Td
[(t on a 5-point )7(Liker)6(t)-2( scale with)-7( )]TJ
0.0012 Tc 0.1088 Tw -14.02 -1.147 Td
[(three s)4(t)6(atem)6(ents)10( of the form)6(: \223)5(M)10(y)-12( driving p)8(e)-2(rf)8(orm)6(a)-2(nce was)4( be)5(s)4(t)-8( )]TJ
0 Tc 0.1167 Tw T*
(when using )Tj
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0 Tw (X)Tj
/TT3 1 Tf
0.001 Tc 0.1157 Tw 5.68 0 Td
[( P)11(ND,\224 where )]TJ
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0 Tc 0 Tw 6.227 0 Td
(X)Tj
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0.0011 Tc 0.1156 Tw 0.613 0 Td
[( i)6(d)1(entifi)6(e)-2(d on)8(e of)7( the )7(three)5( PNDs. )]TJ
0.0001 Tc 0.2632 Tw -12.52 -1.147 Td
(Using a Friedman non-parametric)Tj
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[( test, we fou)7(nd a significant )]TJ
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(main effect of PND on the agr)Tj
0.0008 Tc 0.1425 Tw 12.987 0 Td
[(eement with the above statemen)8(t )]TJ
0.0003 Tc 0.0564 Tw -12.987 -1.147 Td
[(\(p=0.027\))7(. Specifically)-6(,)-3( p)7(a)-2(rticip)7(an)]TJ
0.0001 Tc 0.0566 Tw 13.867 0 Td
[(ts ranked AR ver)6(y)-13( h)7(i)-2(ghly)-7( \(75%)6( )]TJ
0.0009 Tc 0.1358 Tw -13.867 -1.153 Td
[(agreed\))7(,)-2( while S)10(P)4(ND and SV had )]TJ
0.0005 Tc 0.1362 Tw 14.52 0 Td
[(equally)-6( detr)7(imental per)7(ceiv)7(e)4(d)-6( )]TJ
0.0028 Tw -14.52 -1.147 Td
[(influen)7(ce on)7( driving \(58.3%)7( disagreed\). )7( )]TJ
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(5.)Tj
/TT0 1 Tf
( )Tj
/TT2 1 Tf
-0.0011 Tc 1.35 0 Td
[(CONCL)-4(US)-5(ION )]TJ
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[(The )7(above r)6(e)-3(sults for visual at)]TJ
0.0001 Tc 0.1366 Tw 12.787 0 Td
[(tention and )-7(subjective assessme)-9(nt )]TJ
0.0005 Tc 0.1495 Tw -12.787 -1.147 Td
[(suggest that AR should be the )-7(P)4(ND of)-6( choice in vehicles. This )]TJ
0 Tc 0.0433 Tw T*
(indicates that our asse)Tj
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